Bloodless Revolution
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According to the Whig account, the events of the revolution were bloodless and the revolution settlement established the supremacy of parliament over the crown, setting Britain on the path towards constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
Moreover, the British causes of the revolution were as much religious as political. Indeed, the immediate constitutional impact of the revolution settlement was minimal. Nonetheless, over the course of the reign of William III (1689-1702) society underwent significant and long-lasting changes.
The revolution also failed to limit the power of parliaments and created no body of protected constitutional law. Therefore the Septennial Act of 1716 was able to effectively undermine the terms of the 1694 Triennial Act, ushering in the lengthy rule of a Whig oligarchy.
It began in Poland at the ballot box: A season of revolutions that toppled communist regimes from Berlin to Bucharest was set in motion 20 years ago this week by the first semi-free elections ever to take place in the Soviet-dominated eastern bloc.
On April 25, 1974, Portugal experienced a coup like no other. In an era characterized by the clash of ideologies and power players, the nearly bloodless revolution became known as the Carnation Revolution. What began as a military revolution led by the Movimento das Forças Armadas (MAF) quickly became a mass movement of civil unrest.
CASON: Portugal in 1974 was a quiet place, with no hints of the revolution to come. There was really no political opposition, as Portugal was led by a dictator, Marcello Caetano. Being new to political work, I was given the safe job of domestic political analysis, and began making my contacts and did a lot of biographic reporting. And I was given the task as well of watching the colonies from there, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique. We had a whole rotation out of all the experienced officers.
It was a fascinating time to be in Portugal, particularly since my job analyzing the domestic politics now suddenly became very interesting. Young army captains and majors and officers from the other services who had been stationed in the colonies made the revolution. Within a few days, rebelling troops had taken over the country. The elite fled, including the Espirito Santo Silva family [founders of the Banco Espirito Santo], and many of the bankers and regime supporters. The whole state security apparatus was rolled up; hundreds were arrested and others fled.
None of us knew who these young officers were, what they wanted and their ideological orientation. They were complete unknowns, to the diplomatic community at least. They planned their revolution in secrecy while in Angola, Guinea Bissau and Mozambique. They snookered the whole government, taking over in a lightening blow with very few casualties.
Caetano resisted ending the wars and pulling out, so the young army officers took matters into their own hands. The revolution was to speed up decolonization, end the wars via negotiations, and improve socio-economic conditions at home. They also wanted Portugal to join the nascent European Union. Our dilemma was that Portugal belonged to NATO and its ministers had access to NATO secrets.
Finally, two things helped to bring it about. One was that we had a visit by [Senator] Teddy Kennedy. He went back to Washington advocating that we support this revolution. And I think Henry Kissinger could see policy getting taken right out of his hands by Kennedy, or the threat of that.
The Glorious Revolution, which took place in England in 1688, involved overthrowing Kings James II (also called James VII of Scotland) and replacing him with the William III of Orange-Nassau, the Dutch stadtholder and his wife, Mary. This revolution also caused a whole balance shift in how the country is governed.
InstructionsThis activity provides you with an opportunity to act as an interviewer of Malcolm X by first reading a quotation from him (all of which have been used as samplings in hip-hop recordings) and then writing your question in the textbox provided for you. Furthermore, reflect on the kinds of quotations that rap and hip-hop artists have incorporated into their creative works, in part to understand better the legacy of one of the most important figures in twentieth-century American history.The sampling of Malcolm X's voice has been a prominent feature of hip-hop tracks since the 1980s. Many hip-hop artists--including Paris, Ice Cube, Stop the Violence, Tupac Shakur, and others--have used Malcolm's words in their creative productions to bolster the message and meaning of their own lyrics. The following quotations from Malcolm X have been gathered from samplings from rap and hip-hop recordings. These quotes not only provide an interesting catalogue of some of Malcolm X's crucial ideas and thoughts but also allow an entry into the world of hip-hop itself. Malcolm X is also known for the many controversial and stirring interviews he gave throughout his public career. From broadcasts on local radio and TV stations, to the now famous Playboy interview with Alex Haley, to the archival film footage on \"The Hate That Hate Produced\"--the 1959 Mike Wallace documentary on the Nation of Islam and black activism in the 1950s--Malcolm X remains one of the most talked-about interviewees of the late twentieth century.This activity involves framing questions relevant to the quotations provided below. If you were a journalist, what questions would you have asked to elicit the responses given by Malcolm X To complete this activity, print this page or simply cut and paste the text below into your word processing program.ExampleAll other revolutions in history have been bloody. The Russian revolution was bloody. The Chinese revolution was bloody. The French revolution was bloody. The Cuban revolution was bloody. Revolutions historically are always bloody. Now America is in a unique position to involve herself in a bloodless revolution by giving the 22 million Afro-Americans the ballot. And if they don't give the 22 million Afro-Americans the ballot and make possible a bloodless revolution then they are going to force the Afro- Americans to use a bullet....\"Your Question:Must all revolutions use violence to acheive their aims
Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu on Monday remembered Mahatma Gandhi as one of the greatest revolutionaries the world has ever seen, whose \"bloodless revolution\" inspired great leaders like Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela.
\"Mahatma Gandhi is one of the greatest revolutionaries the world has ever seen, only his revolutions were bloodless and peaceful,\" Naidu said while addressing the corporate world leaders who had gathered to celebrate 150th anniversary year of Mahatma Gandhi, organised by the FICCI-Aditya Birla CSR Centre of Excellence.
Having spent the last several years researching and writing on the ethics of revolution, I listened to initial reports about the protests in Kiev with hopeful, empathic interest. Ukrainians seemed to be claiming political power against a corrupt and incompetent government, and largely nonviolent protests seemed to pressure a tyrant from his throne.
LISBON (Reuters) - Thousands marched in Portugal on Thursday to celebrate the almost bloodless revolution 45 years ago that ended its four-decade-long dictatorship, while politicians said that economic and social developments had not matched its democratic advance.
Holding a red carnation, the symbol of the revolution, Portugal's president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa told a room in parliament packed with politicians and guests that more must be done to tackle the country's most pressing challenges.
In this intensely political state, political power has swung slowly from one party to the other. At the turn of the century Republicans were in power. In the 1930s Democrats took over in the ``bloodless revolution.'' Last November, Republicans won five of the nine statewide offices. But the legislature remains Democratic.
A mood of euphoric exhilaration now prevails in Czechoslovakia as the population celebrates the apparent downfall of the Stalinist satraps who have been ousted from power in a bloodless revolution. But this euphoria will be short-lived; for it will soon become painfully clear that the resignation of a handful of Stalinist ministers has by no means placed power in the hands of the working class, let alone cleared a path for the creation of a genuinely democratic society.
Thus, the stage is already being set for the further development of the political revolution in Czechoslovakia. The social forces which up until now have been united temporarily on the basis of vague democratic demands directed against the discredited Stalinist regime will begin to define themselves more clearly and distinctly. This must lead rapidly to a parting of the ways between the Czechoslovakian working class and the petty-bourgeois democrats who presently dominate the mass movement. 59ce067264
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